Gambling is the staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk and hope of gain, on an uncertain event or a game. It is estimated that the total amount of money legally wagered worldwide each year is $10 trillion (although illegal gambling may exceed this figure). Many people enjoy gambling as an entertaining social activity, but a small group of individuals become seriously involved to the extent that their behavior has negative personal and family life consequences.

Several factors contribute to the development and progression of gambling problems. These include sensation-seeking, impulsiveness, and cognitive distortions. In addition, gambling activity is often facilitated by legal and cultural practices that undermine impulse control. The use of dice and playing cards dates back to ancient times, and the history of gambling is replete with stories of dishonesty and deceit.

Many people gamble as a way to relieve unpleasant emotions, such as boredom or loneliness, or to unwind after a stressful day. However, there are healthier and more effective ways to cope with these feelings. These may include exercising, spending time with friends who don’t gamble, and participating in a peer support program such as Gamblers Anonymous, which is based on the 12-step recovery model of Alcoholics Anonymous.

A growing role exists in primary care for evaluating patients for addictive disorders, including pathological gambling. Despite the recognition that gambling is an addictive disorder, disagreements remain about its classification and nomenclature. There is a need for a consensus on terms to enable research scientists, psychiatrists, and other treatment care clinicians to communicate accurately.